Tea Industry Analysis

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Indian tea industry The tea industry in India is about 170 years old. It occupies an important place and plays a very useful part in the national economy. Robert Bruce in 1823 discovered tea plants growing wild in upper Brahmaputra Valley. In 1838 the first Indian tea from Assam was sent to United Kingdom for public sale. Thereafter, it was extended to other parts of the country between 50's and 60's of the last century. However, owing to certain specific soil and climatic requirements its cultivation was confined to only certain parts of the country. Tea plantations in India are mainly located in rural hills and backward areas of North-eastern and Southern States. Major tea growing areas of the country are concentrated in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The other areas where tea is grown to a small extent are Karnataka, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Bihar and Orissa. Unlike most other tea producing and exporting countries, India has dual manufacturing base. India produces both CTC and Orthodox teas in addition to green tea. The weightage lies with the former due to domestic consumers’ preference. Orthodox tea production is balanced basically with the export demand. Production of green tea in India is small. The competitors to India in tea export are Sri Lanka, Kenya, China, Indonesia and Vietnam. Tea is an agro-based commodity and is subjected to vagaries of nature. Despite adverse agro climatic condition experienced in tea growing areas in many years, Indian Tea Plantation Industry is able to maintain substantial growth in relation to volume of Indian tea production during the last one decade. There has been a dramatic tilt in tea disposal in favour of domestic market since fifties. While at the time of Independence only 79 M. Kgs or about 31% of total production of 255 M. Kgs of tea was retained for internal consumption, in 2006 as much as 771 M. Kgs or about 81% of total production of 956 M. Kgs of tea went for domestic consumption. Such a massive increase in domestic consumption has been due to increase in population, greater urbanisation, increase in income and standard of living etc. Indian tea export has been an important foreign exchange earner for the country. There was an inherent growth in export earnings from tea over the years. Till 70s’, UK was the major buyer of Indian tea Since 80s’ USSR became the largest buyer of Indian tea due to existence of the trade agreement between India and erstwhile USSR. USSR happened to be the major buyer of Indian tea accounting for more than 50% of the total Indian export till 1991. However, with the disintegration of USSR and abolition of Central Buying Mechanism, Indian tea exports suffered a set back from 1992-93. However, Indian Tea exports to Russia/CIS countries recovered from the setback since 1993 under Rupee Debt Repayment Route facilities as also due to long term agreement on tea entered into between Russia and India. Depressed scenario again started since 2001 due to change in consumption pattern, i. e. switch over from CTC to Orthodox as per consumer preference and thus India has lost the Russian market. Another reason for decline in export of Indian tea to Russia is offering of teas at lower prices by China, South Asian countries like Indonesia and Vietnam. The major competitive countries in tea in the world are Sri Lanka, Kenya, China and Indonesia. China is the major producer of green tea while Sri Lanka and Indonesia are producing mainly orthodox varieties of tea. Kenya is basically a CTC tea producing country. While India is facing competition from Sri Lanka and Indonesia with regard to export of orthodox teas and from China with regard to green tea export, it is facing competition from Kenya and from other African countries in exporting CTC teas. Because of absence of large domestic base and due to comparatively small range of exportable items, Sri Lanka and Kenya have an edge over India to offload their teas in any international markets. This is one of the reasons of higher volume of export by Sri Lanka and Kenya compared to India. Another important point is that, U. K has substantial interest in tea cultivation in Kenya. Most of the sterling companies, after Indianisation due to implementation of FERA Act started tea cultivation in Kenya. So, it makes business sense for U. K. to buy tea from Kenya and Kenya became the largest supplier of tea to U. K. Tea is an essential item of domestic consumption and is the major beverage in India. Tea is also considered as the cheapest beverage amongst the beverages available in India. Tea Industry provides gainful direct employment to more than a million workers mainly drawn from the backward and socially weaker section of the society. It is also a substantial foreign exchange earner and provides sizeable amount of revenue to the State and Central Exchequer. The total turnover of the Indian tea industry is in the vicinity of Rs. 8000 Crs. Presently, Indian tea industry is having (as on 31. 12. 2006 ) 1655 registered Tea Manufacturers, †¢ 2008 registered Tea Exporters, †¢ 5148 number of registered tea buyers, †¢ Nine tea Auction centres. The Indian tea industry is witnessing a strong revival of fortunes with exports rising and domestic consumption gearing up. The industry saw an impressive 8. 8 percent increase in average tea auction prices in the five months ended August 200 4. The tea industry is one of the oldest organized industries in India with a large network of tea producers, retailers, distributors, auctioneers, exporters and packers. Tea is grown in more than 32 countries among which India is the largest producer. The industry provides direct employment to more than a million workers of which a sizeable number are women. More than two million people derive their livelihood from ancillary activities associated with production, value addition and marketing of tea. The tea trade is a major contributor to the country’s economy. Substantial foreign exchange earnings with negligible import content, contribution to the State and Central exchequers, preserving a pollution free biosphere and soil conversation are some of the important features of the tea industry. Tea Exports increase Due to global supply imbalance, tea exports from India during the Jan- Aug 2004, period increased to 107. 7 million kg against 92. 4 million kg in the corresponding period last year. However, the average price realizations dropped to Rs 83. 20 per kg in 2004 from Rs 100. 51 per kg in 2003. The rise in export volumes has been boosted by higher demand from Pakistan, Iran, Iraq and other gulf countries. The unconventional destinations like Japan, Germany, Singapore, Australia, USA and Canada have emerged as potential destinations in recent months where Indian tea is being exported in greater volumes and has recorded 88 percent growth in the first five months of calendar year. The all-India average export realization tumbled drastically by 17. 2 percent to Rs 83. 20 per kg in the five months ended August 2004, from Rs 100. 51 per kg in the corresponding previous period. The fall in the average export realization was relatively modest at 5 percent to Rs 118. 8 per kg in north India, while it was steeper at 16. percent to Rs 58. 61 per kg in south India. Even as exports rose, imports too, jumped sharply. There was a 225 percent increase in tea imports to 17. 83 mn kg in the five months ended August 2004 compared to 5. 47 mn kg in the corresponding period last year. {draw:frame} Tea is indigenous to India and is an area where the country can take a lot of pride. This is mainly because o f its pre-eminence as a foreign exchange earner and its contributions to the country's GNP. In all aspects of tea production, consumption and export, India has emerged to be the world leader, mainly because it accounts for 31% of global production. It is perhaps the only industry where India has retained its leadership over the last 150 years. Tea production in India has a very interesting history to it. The range of tea offered by India – from the original Orthodox to CTC and Green Tea, from the aroma and flavour of Darjeeling Tea to the strong Assam and Nilgiri Tea- remains unparalleled in the world. Tea trading in the domestic market is done in two ways- Auction and Private Selling. Market Reports are received from the six major auction centres in India, namely, Calcutta, Guwahati, Siliguri, Cochin, Coimbatore and *PEST ANALYSIS GLOBALLY *( u. k tea market ) Political Factors The UK Government supports the fair trading commitment for both the local consumers and foreign producers (News BBC, 2005). This is observed by a requirement on labeling that a stamp of â€Å"Fairtrade† must be included in the products for consumer reference. This is a way to give the buyers a chance to patronize those companies that are producing tea responsibly. However, this also shows that the UK Government do not have strict policies on fair trade. Due to this, the recent calls of Indian workers for the UK Government to act against Unilever due to unfair trade acts and the inability of the latter to act speedily on the matter have adverse consequences on future exporters. If big and global companies such as Unilever continue to rip profits un-scaled with the source plantation abroad, the competitiveness of new entrants would be reduced. For example, Unilever can engage to price wars as well as incur substantial growth funds. To address this scenario, prospective exporters are expected to create a niche market to go away with direct competition with large companies. In 2004, the calls of EU Commission against the UK Government to implement the â€Å"tea break† law concretized the significant role of tea in the country as well as the Union as a whole (BBC News, 2005). In contrast but in support to the increasing importance of tea in the UK, the Government used the gesture of providing free to all British to motivate them to go to the cherished Millennium Dome. Also, tea giving is also used to foster cohesion among British especially in 2005 where terrorist attacks plague the country (Watley Website). Throughout the UK political history since the introduction of tea in Britain by Catherine of Braganza and rationing of tea to UK soldiers of First World War, tea played a major role in government affairs. Thus, it can be concluded that the approach of the Government to tea imports are positive. However, there is still a question of protecting their local producers. Specifically, imports will only be allowed if local production is under shortage or if the country cannot get the internal benefits greater the cost of doing business with foreign tea manufacturers (Tea Website). In contrast, there are similar adverse actions that the Government imposed on tea campaigns (BBC News, 2007). For example, the Advertising Standards Authority apprehended the UK Tea Council, for dis-informing the market about the benefits of tea. Even though the Council cited several papers to prove that the press release is facts, the Authority argued the lack of substantial evidence. More importantly, the Authority wanted the council to avoid making ill-supported ads that may run counter to the health policies of the Government. Due to this, it can be said that the Government does not have a firm stand about the health benefits of tea. In effect, future ads to increase the market for tea may have weaker impact to consumers due to absence of full government support. However, as history suggests which includes events dated back as far as Opium Wars, UK Government places a substantial importance in tea trade. But the role of exporters such as Chinese merchants fell as UK have established its own tea fields in UK areas such as Cornwall. Economic Factors Comparing the UK tea prices of today and 1977 figures, supermarkets are selling tea bags much cheaper compared to several decades ago (Telegraph Website). This is a good opportunity for exporters because the natural resources as well as cheap labor in their home countries can be used to engage in price competition in the UK. However, there is a pitfall. This is true when the price of exported teas is so low that the operations of the exporters are in jeopardy once the market continuously put pressure on tea prices. There are several risk factors that influence of price reduction in of UK tea which can include competitive policies of retailers to as far as the weak US dollar. Due to this environment, exporters might not have much incentive in selling in the UK given that there are trade constraints and disincentives coupled with heavy competition. Ultimately, exporters have to battle with volume rather than quality. In contrast, there is an advantage of exporters who can offer innovative products. In this way, the market will not rely on price factors to affect their decisions rather to the qualities of tea products which is also the source of loyalty. There are numerous characteristics of UK that makes it an attractive destination for exporter goods. Being the second largest economy in Europe, UK is also one of the most globalized advanced economies the world (UK Statistics). There is an opportunity for exporters to exploit the inclusion of UK in the EU and the latter influence in the trade agreements of the former. When this is enforced, entry to UK market may serve as a window of opportunity to infiltrate EU state members. Free market is also the main framework of UK institutions which limits the influence of UK in trades. According to National Statistics, UK also has low inflation, unemployment and interest rates and ranked one of the most superior economies in the region. With this in mind, exporters can easily attached bulk of positive issues to the production, start-up and marketing environment in the country. In the contrary, UK still has problems in reducing income inequality. Although not a good sign in aggregate, exporters can use niche marketing to exploit this bottleneck. Competition, thus, is reduced when direct rivalry is spread over the income boundaries of the people. With respect to some concepts on tea business, influx of tea exports can reduce the capacities of monopolist but this can result to intense rivalry (Market Trade Fair). Thus, exporters can reduce the competitiveness of local producers. With cheaper labor and known abundant natural resources in developing countries, UK tea industry may not have the ability to coupe with them. Further, switching costs of tea products are low which makes customers have the higher bargaining especially in terms of price and quality. Considering this, exporters that have the upper hand in bringing broader variety of teas compared to local producers. With Asian touch to the products, the market may also feel that exports have higher nutritional value than local counterparts. However, there is a very high risk of failure in the industry especially if the location is UK. Profits margins are low, fixed assets are high, inventory are perishable and local producers may have been embedded. This is to exclude adverse corporate responsibility that may result to low margin such as the example of Unilever criticized approach in Indian tea farms. Social Factors It is internationally claimed that tea is the second most popular drink after water (Rico Magda Research, 2006). There are at least 800 million cups of tea that are consumed in a global scale. Of this figure, UK is the country that has the highest share per capita on a daily basis. Without demographic restrictions on the market regarding their preference of tea (i. e. at all ages), the UK tea market loomed to at half a billion value with everyday demand of tea at 160 million cups. According to Mintel Report, green tea is preferred by the market apart from red and black variants of tea because of green tea's relatively higher pleasurable taste and health benefits. As the country is on the peak of its becoming a cafe society culture (Elopak Website), numerous tea-makers all over the world saw opportunity of this trend. Not only is the basic qualities tea encouraging UK market to buy them. As a matter of fact, several new entrants that introduced different varieties and innovations on tea products are also becoming successful. Specialty teas such as those with spicy flavors are widely-accepted. The UK market continues to support tea-makers and retailers as long as they are able to address the health, safety and taste needs while innovation serves as a good foundation to introduce new products. If accepted, these innovations can make a demand shift from ordinary tea features to creative ones. Another illustration is the changing lifestyle of the UK market. The preceding features can also be successful if they are able to make tea as a representation of the one's consuming them. This is when stylish tea from niche players became critical. Thus, the growth in of tea industry in the UK is expected to be at least 7%. Delving to other health products, UK's consumption of oatmeal including porridge from 2003 to 2005 significantly increased at least 20% (Baker Website). This indicated that the health consciousness of consumers have revived several years ago. The interesting part is the large part of UK consumption of these products is sourced from cafes shops similar to teas. Convenience in eating as well as provision for healthy diet is two of the primary motivation of the consumer of their increased support. Parallel to iced tea, the positioning of cold cereal market is good with annual increase of at least 10%. This means that the typical intake of healthy products is changing (Food Quality News). With the aid of governmental information efforts, more UK people are developing the habit of evaluating the nutritional content of each product label before actual purchase. This improvement is an extension of 2000 shifts on health beliefs of the population. There are many benefits of tea from the Asian tests and experiences that are not yet as many as UK (Info Cancer Website). In fact, there are minimal UK studies to confirm that Asian evidence of cancer-minimizing capabilities of green tea. However, the UK market as well as some UK analyst has concluded that the Asian benefits are yet to be acquired by the country simply because the former is relatively consuming less quantities of tea. On the other hand, there are UK laboratory test that observed that tea has higher caffeine content than regular cola, energy drinks and chocolate. Caffeine is a substance that has positive effects to people such as increased alertness, treatment of asthma and aids blood flow. To be in safe levels of consumption, a person should not exceed 6 cups of tea in a day. Finally, increase caffeine consumption would lead to inability to sleep, nervousness and frequent palpitation of the heart (Tea Website). There are also studies that showed increased risk of bone illnesses such as osteoporosis and adverse effects on pregnancy if caffeine intake is not regulated. Technological Factors In European standards, UK agricultural production and its level of technology is efficient and highly-automized. As illustration, only 2% of its labor is in required to support sixty percent of its agricultural sector (Nutri-Ingredients). However, the list of main agricultural outputs of the country excludes tea. This is because that tea is abundant and typical to Asian regions. There are private companies such as Unilever that are able to re-produce tea in the UK. But this is generally limited in variety and in texture. For example, in 2003, White tea became a successful product introduction in the UK because it is an exotic plant to the consumers. Obviously, the advantage of producing and selling exotic teas in the UK is that it is a good hedge in any technological advancements and efficiency in production of developed countries. Also, medicinal value is believed to be redeemed for products that do not undergo intensive technological application. To this part, exporters would be encouraged to enter and compete the UK market because what they are offering are unique products. Historically, unique products have the ability to run against market trends (e. g. avoidance of lower prices). UK is one of those developed economies that maintained the role of agriculture in the economy despite radical shift of sectors towards service and manufacturing industries (IATC Website). In fact, the country is one of the leading nations that produce safe and efficient harvests. The quality of UK's products is reflected in its consumer protection against low quality and sometimes foreign foods. This can be a source of weakness against tea products from developing countries. The good issues are that China is a close trading partner of UK. The topography of UK includes fertile farmlands, favorable climate, pioneering breeding practices and application of science. However, these features may as well highlight the competitive advantage of Asian tea which is deriving in traditional, religious and cultural uniqueness. Even if some varieties of Asia teas are being able to be re-produced and propagated in UK, the impressions of healthy and effective may not be synonymous to all UK customers. Conclusion The PEST analysis above showed that Chinese tea exporters have a good opportunity in the UK market. The tea sector in the country has variety of advantages against exporters. This includes regulatory compatibility, consumer familiarity, efficient production practices, arable lands and high purchasing power of the people. On the contrary, Chinese exports have also its advantages such as traditional approach to production, unique land setting, embeddedness of tea as cultural medicine, competitive prices and a new look to tea products. The last feature and the health value Chinese tea exports would be the most critical factors for today's slowing tea sector. To address this issue, iced tea is the answer. This will defeat UK-based products especially if the Chinese exporter can offer cold and unique recipe of tea. Specifically, the ability of its product to be preferred by customers as hot or cold can be an indispensible characteristic to increase its market share abruptly. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Silver Step Exports is a trading and packaging company that specializes in high quality INDIAN TEAS RICE SUGAR WHEAT FLOUR vision : To be india’s foremost tea exporters. ACHIEVE MARKET THROUGH LEADERSHIP FOR BRANDED TEA WORLD WIDE. TO BE PERCIEVED AS MOST INNOVATIVE IN TEA BASED BEVERAGES LONG TERM PROFITABLE GROWTH VALUES : RESPONSIBILITY- Be responsible and sensetive abiding all the norms regulations of various countries. Product portfolio : Tea ( primary) Rice ( secondary ) Sugar( secondary) Service portfolio : Packing for reputed groups like :- Goplajee Hope life consumer care MANAGEMENT SUMMARY : Management comprises of highly qualified mangers at all the levels of the organization, experienced managers and consultants along with strong market research team forms the strong base for SILVER STEP EXPORTS. Top management has the clear vision to achieve and form the policies and strategies and take the organization to new heights . SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHTS : Real strength of SSE lies in its capacity and capability to produce any kind of tea in any quantity with best possible quality. The capability and expertise of top management enables the organization to take quick and effective decisions. With a wide variety of product to offer SSE enjoys a premium segment of customers to which it caters with best quality product. Strengths at a glance : Superior quality Best prices Standardized product Total quality management programs Flexibility and adaptability. Innovation WEAKNESS Organizations operate in an economic and social environment which are to be taken care of by the organization itself, weakness Is not merely due to one specific factor but aggregate of many , Main weakness lies in, is of inventory a wide variety of tea ( approx. 30 flavours ) are available in the market keeping all the stock ready at one point of time is sometimes risky as thw quality may detoriate over a period of time. Hence, piling up inventories is sometimes a problem for the organization. Inventory management Price fluctuations ( industry based factor) OPPORTUNITIES Tea is an incredibly ancient beverage. For thousands of years leaves have fallen into the cups of great rulers, philosophers and spiri tual leaders. Man has learned the way of the leaf. We have made this revered beverage a central part of almost every world culture. Can there be anything new to add? It's a question I ponder every year. And, at the beginning of every year here I sit at the computer like a cartoon figure with an angel on one shoulder and a tiny devil on the other, a victim of my own conflicting opinions. With increasing demand for tea worldwide and with innovation taking place every now and then creating new and better products SILVER STEP EXPORTS aims to achieve a high growth rate capturing new markets in DOMESTIC as well as INTERNATIONAL markets. With the ever increasing demand for tea SSE has a long way to go adding new products to its basket and creating new and bigger markets globally. SSE also has RICE AND SUGAR in its baskets which also has a very high market and potential to grow even better so SSE can also aim at exporting these products along with the excellence in tea trade. OPPORTUNITIES AT A GLANCE. : Capturing more market share. Domestic market capturing Exporting tea Exporting rice and sugar. Creating new brands. THREATS There has been a significant value erosion in the tea market, with regional players offering mediocre products at low prices or with ttractive promotions Despite the fact that tea is the most traditional and affordable beverage in India – and probably because of as well – it is perceived as being old fashioned and less functional than some substitute products. With increasing delicacy it is difficult to retain customers for using quality products as the duplicate products are of che aper quality and therefore are available for low prices Increasing local players. Duplicacy Cheap quality at lower prices General competition level Consumer taste and preferences. BUSINESS MODEL Marketing plan & its strategies makes product race incompetitive situation and executes brand image, which givesloyal customers to the company. It helps the product to make its independent identity offer diverse brands after taking local tastes into account. Our products vary in terms of blend, pricing and packaging formats to cater to the unique needs of each segment. † strategy is to invest in long-term brand building for sustained growth. Strengthen our business in existing geographies †¢ Expansion into new geographies New product development and building business in – Black Tea – Fruit and Herbal Infusions – Ready to Drink Teas – Out of home †¢ Building operational capability to enable the commercial business to achieve growth †¢ Management Strength Increase market share. †¢ Generate brand awareness within consumer target market and business target market. †¢ The road ahead promises plenty. The goal is to m ove the brand portfolio from its current 19 per cent value share to a 25 per cent value share in the medium term {draw:frame} DISTRIBUTION PLAN draw:frame} {draw:frame} COMETETIVE ANALYSIS FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE Organization has grown at a rapid pace capturing new markets in a very short span of time of its operation. *KEY SUCCESS FACTOR & strategies*. Success mantra for SILVER STEP EXPORTS lies in the : Procurement of raw materials . Suppliers Manpower No compromise on quality. Top level management of SSE allows the organization to work in the most effective and efficient manner . SSE believes in providing best value to its customer, Hence no compromise on quality. Market segmentation: â€Å"It consists of a group of customer who share similar set of wants † Geographically †¢ South India, southeast India, southwest India, north india , J&k , Punjab and haryana Social class**: †¢ Working class, middle class, upper middle class FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS Training was u ndergone in the field of marketing wherein a detail study of tea market was carried out as in what type of product is liked in various parts of the world. SSE has a very wide scope in the domestic as well as international market A strong hold in domestic markets like J&K , Punjab , Haryana, U. P serves SSE as a base , an opportunity to build on its market and create a name for itself by securing more customer base This is possible on through the supply chain The Super stockiest , agents, wholesalers and retailers Which has been a strength for SSE. SSE has been a market leader in flavoured tea market. KEY LEARININGS IN THE ORGANIZATION : During the course of my internship I gained a lot from the organization way of working , its mission , objectives and methods adopted to accomplish it, Some key learnings are : Brisk decision making Creating harmony among the levels of organization. Effectively control the supply chain. No company owned retail outlets. No direct reach to the consumers. CONCLUSION : The road ahead promises plenty. Tea market has a very wide potential to grow with wide variety of tea available and increasing demand of tea worldwide, Tea Trade has emerged as a new dimension of trade to the world with ever increasing rise in consumption of tea it has opened a wide new markets to explore and cater to their demand. Besides the domestic consumption a surplus is found to exist in the end which can be used to cater demand of other countries so that

Shane as a Hero

â€Å"He was the man who rode into our little valley out of the heart of the great glowing West and when his work was done rode back whence he had come and he was Shane. † He was a murderer, that’s what he thought. Thus, he left. But the community found another definition for his mysterious departure. He was now known and remembered as a hero of the West. In the novel written by Jack Schaefer, there are several actions and attitudes that develop the prime example to the important characters in the book, and depict them as either a hero or a villain.Through his accomplishments and failures, Shane, the character of whom the book speaks, is represented as a hero. Shane embodies the essence of a hero on the first day he arrives to that small valley, with his luxurious worn-out coat, matching pants, and a black hat; clothes that no homesteader that resided there and Bob, the main character and also the narrator, have seen before. Shane demonstrates humility, a trait that man y heroes, either they’re super or not, possess; Shane is also down-to-earth and humble, and is aware of the fact that one does not have the right to take another man's life, and when one does so, that marks him for life.Above all the qualities that Shane has, the one that seems the most hero-attributed is his selfless acts of protecting someone else; in this case the homesteaders and their homes. Shane expresses the qualities of a hero, both physically and mentally, that is, he is both strong and loyal. Shane has many traits that illustrate that of a hero; such as how he portrays himself, his ability to be humble, and his need to protect others. Heroes aren’t considered as such just because of their strength, but also because of their aptitudes and intellectual capacities.Shane is admired for his good judgment when solving problems. He doesn’t give up when he attacks Chris and Morgan as well as the stump in the farm which are obstacles in his apparently smooth t rail. Shane audaciously defeats Wilson to defend Joe and the other homesteaders, thus demonstrating he is a hero by fighting with the gunman to support Joe for his right to his land. Shane only challenges the rival because he unconsciously protects others from danger.The whole idea of Shane facing Wilson was to prevent Starrett’s family from handing their farm over to Fletcher, as well as ending that nightmare within the other homesteaders’ homes. He alone decided to face and vanquish ‘evil’, as he shoots down both Wilson and Fletcher. After this occurrence, however, he feels the need of disappearing into thin air, as if he’s implying that his work is done. After the incident in the bar, â€Å"The folks in town and the kids at school like to talk about him. † Shane had become a legend amongst the residents of the Valley.

Essen und Trinken or Eating and Drinking in German

Physics - 4366 Words

1 aky a A glass fibre of length 0.24 m and area of cross-section 7.9 Ãâ€" 10–7 m2 is tested until it breaks. The variation with load F of the extension x of the fibre is shown in Fig. 4.1. 4 x / 10–4 m nd ra Sh 3 ha 2 0 40 20 yS 0 aji tC 1 60 80 F/N db Fig. 4.1 rra ng e (a) State whether glass is ductile, brittle or polymeric. ......................................................................................................................................[1] (b) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine, for this sample of glass, the ultimate tensile stress, ultimate tensile stress = ........................................... Pa [2] mp ile da nd rea (i) Co 1†¦show more content†¦2.2. aji tC 4 compression / cm db yS 3 rra ng e 2 0 10 da nd 0 rea 1 20 30 40 weight / N Fig. 2.2 The elastic limit of the spring has not been exceeded. Determine the spring constant k of the spring. mp ile (a) (i) Co 3 k = ........................................... N m–1 [2]  © UCLES 2008 9702/02/M/J/08 For Examiner’s Use 6 Deduce that the strain energy stored in the spring is 0.49 J for a compression of 3.5 cm. nd ra Sh aky a (ii) [2] aji tC thread spring trolley mass 2400g db yS trolley mass 800g ha (b) Two trolleys, of masses 800 g and 2400 g, are free to move on a horizontal table. The spring in (a) is placed between the trolleys and the trolleys are tied together using thread so that the compression of the spring is 3.5 cm, as shown in Fig. 2.3. rra ng e Fig. 2.3 Initially, the trolleys are not moving. The thread is then cut and the trolleys move apart. (i) Deduce that the ratio mp ile da nd is equal to 3.0. rea speed of trolley of mass 800 g speed of trolley of mass 2400 g Co [2]  © UCLES 2008 9702/02/M/J/08 For Examiner’s Use 7 Use the answers in (a)(ii) and (b)(i) to calculate the speed of the trolley of mass 800 g. nd ra Sh aky a (ii) Co mp ile da nd rea rra ng e db yS aji tC ha speed =Show MoreRelatedPhysics And Physics Of Molecular Levels1109 Words   |  5 Pagesconsider interaction within a molecule, which had three bodies at least, in terms of quantum and relativistic laws. Facing the fascinating, but, daunting goal, I would have to take step by step to find a practical path. Even I had taken theoretical physics courses and was familiar with special relativity, I did not know much about micro-scale theoretical work. â€Å"Define a problem is the first step for any project. 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The As A Tyrant Who Held A Reign Of Terror - 1478 Words

There’s always something watching over everyone, seeing the unprincipled and unscrupulous mistakes, flaws, sins, and immorality. It’s easy to try and escape judgment and punishment for one’s sins, but it will all come back to them in due time. Karma is prevalent in numerous religions and candidly means good actions reap rewards, whereas malevolent actions result in future suffering and problems. Historically speaking, there have been many cases where unscrupulous actions have come back to bite. Maximilien de Robespierre became a tyrant who held a ‘reign of terror†, guillotining extravagant amounts of people, many of them being innocent. Ironically enough he was killed via guillotine. Diane de Poitiers held an affair with King Henry II of France for many years until his death. Because of that she was sent into exile after Henry’s death by his wife, Catherine de Medici. 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Igneous Rock Sample Essay Example For Students

Igneous Rock Sample Essay This article needs extra commendations for confirmation. Please assist better this article by adding commendations to dependable beginnings. Unsourced stuff may be challenged and removed. ( November 2012 ) Geologic states of the universe ( USGS )ShieldPlatformOrogenBasinLarge pyrogenic stateExtended crustOceanic crust:0–20 Ma20–65 Ma gt ; 65 MaIgneous stone ( derived from the Latin word ignis intending fire ) is one of the three chief stone types. the others being sedimentary and metamorphous stone. Igneous stone is formed through the chilling and hardening of magma or lava. Igneous stone may organize with or without crystallisation. either below the surface as intrusive ( irruptive ) stones or on the surface as extrusive ( volcanic ) stones. This magma can be derived from partial thaws of preexistent stones in either a planet’s mantle or crust. Typically. the thaw is caused by one or more of three procedures: an addition in temperature. a lessening in force per unit area. or a alteration in composing. Over 700 types of pyrogenic stones have been described. most of them holding formed beneath the surface of Earth’s crust. Igneous and metamorphous stones make up 90-95 % of the top 16 kilometer of the Earth’s crust by volume. Igneous stones are geologically of import because: their minerals and planetary chemical science give information about the composing of the mantle. from which some pyrogenic stones are extracted. and the temperature and force per unit area conditions that allowed this extraction. and/or of other preexistent stone that melted ; their absolute ages can be obtained from assorted signifiers of radiometric dating and therefore can be compared to adjacent geological strata. leting a clip sequence of events ; their characteristics are normally characteristic of a specific tectonic environment. leting tectonic reconstitutions ( see home base tectonics ) ; in some particular fortunes they host of import mineral sedimentations ( ores ) : for illustration. tungsten. Sn. and uranium are normally associated with granites and diorites. whereas ores of Cr and Pt are normally associated w ith gabbros. Morphology and puting In footings of manners of happening. pyrogenic stones can be either intrusive ( irruptive ) . extrusive ( volcanic ) or hypabyssal. Intrusive Close-up of granite ( an intrusive pyrogenic stone ) exposed in Chennai. India. Intrusive pyrogenic stones are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of a planet. Surrounded by pre-existing stone ( called state stone ) . the magma cools easy. and as a consequence these stones are harsh grained. The mineral grains in such stones can by and large be identified with the bare oculus. Intrusive stones can besides be classified harmonizing to the form and size of the intrusive organic structure and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths. stocks. laccoliths. Sillss and butchs. The cardinal nucleuss of major mountain ranges consist of intrusive pyrogenic stones. normally granite. When exposed by eroding. these nucleuss ( called batholites ) may busy immense countries of the Earth’s surface. Coarse grained intrusive pyrogenic stones which form at deepness within the crust are termed as abyssal ; int rusive pyrogenic stones which form near the surface are termed hypabyssal. Extrusive Extrusive pyrogenic stone is made from lava released by vents Basalt ( an extrusive pyrogenic stone in this instance ) ; visible radiation coloured paths show the way of lava flow. Extrusive pyrogenic stones are formed at the crust’s surface as a consequence of the partial thaw of stones within the mantle and crust. Extrusive Igneous stones cool and solidify quicker than intrusive pyrogenic stones. Since the stones cool really rapidly. they are all right grained. The liquid stone. with or without suspended crystals and gas bubbles. is called magma. It rises because it is less heavy than the stone from which it was created. When magma reaches the surface from beneath H2O or air. it is called lava. Volcanic eruptions of vents into air are termed subaerial. whereas those happening underneath the ocean are termed pigboat. Black tobacco users and mid-ocean ridge basalt are illustrations of undersea volcanic activity. The volume of extrusive stone erupted yearly by vents varies with home base tectonic scene. Extrusive stone is produced in the undermentioned proportions: divergent boundary: 73 % convergent boundary ( subduction zone ) : 15 % hot spot: 12 % . My Family History : My Grandmother EssayGabbro specimen demoing phaneritic texture ; Rock Creek Canyon. eastern Sierra Nevada. California ; scale saloon is 2. 0 centimeter. Chief article: Rock microstructure Texture is an of import standard for the naming of volcanic stones. The texture of volcanic stones. including the size. form. orientation. and distribution of mineral grains and the intergrain relationships. will find whether the stone is termed a tufa. a pyroclastic lava or a simple lava. However. the texture is merely a low-level portion of sorting volcanic stones. as most frequently at that place needs to be chemical information gleaned from stones with highly powdered groundmass or from airfall tufas. which may be formed from volcanic ash. Textural standards are less critical in sorting intrusive stones where the bulk of minerals will be seeable to the bare oculus or at least utilizing a manus lens. amplifying glass or microscope. Irruptive stones tend besides to be less texturally varied and less prone to deriving structural cloths. Textural footings can be used to distinguish different intrusive stages of big batholiths. for case porphyritic borders to big intrusive organic str uctures. porphyry stocks and subvolcanic butchs ( apophyses ) . Mineralogical categorization is used most frequently to sort irruptive stones. Chemical categorizations are preferred to sort volcanic stones. with phenocryst species used as a prefix. e. g. â€Å"olivine-bearing picrite† or â€Å"orthoclase-phyric rhyolite† . see besides List of stone textures and Igneous textures Basic categorization strategy for pyrogenic stones on their mineralogy. If the approximative volume fractions of minerals in the stone are known the stone name and silicon oxide content can be read off the diagram. This is non an exact method because the categorization of pyrogenic stones besides depends on other constituents than silicon oxide. yet in most instances it is a good first conjecture. Chemical categorization Igneous stones can be classified harmonizing to chemical or mineralogical parametric quantities: Chemical: entire alkali-silica content ( TAS diagram ) for volcanic stone categorization used when modal or mineralogic informations is unavailable: felsic pyrogenic stones incorporating a high silicon oxide content. greater than 63 % SiO2 ( examples granite and rhyolite ) intermediate pyrogenic stones incorporating between 52 – 63 % SiO2 ( illustration andesite and dacite ) mafic pyrogenic stones have low silicon oxide 45 – 52 % and typically high Fe – Mg content ( illustration gabbro and basalt ) ultramafic stone pyrogenic stones with less than 45 % silicon oxide. ( examples picrite. komatiite and peridotite ) alkalic pyrogenic stones with 5 – 15 % base ( K2O + Na2O ) content or with a molar ratio of base to silica greater than 1:6. ( examples phonolite and trachyte ) Chemical categorization besides extends to distinguishing stones which are chemically simila r harmonizing to the TAS diagram. for case ; Ultrapotassic ; stones incorporating grinder K2O/Na2O gt ; 3 Peralkaline ; stones incorporating grinder ( K2O + Na2O ) / Al2O3 gt ; 1Peraluminous ; stones incorporating grinder ( K2O + Na2O ) / Al2O3

The Wallace Group Case Study Problems and Solutions Essay Example

The Wallace Group Case Study: Problems and Solutions Paper The Wallace Group has maintained, for quite some time, Mr.. Wallace as president of each of the companys entities. This, however, is leading to some problems. With Mr.. Wallace in charge of all operations he lost sight of problems and resolutions. It is necessary to bring into play a strategic management plan. With a strategic management plan the company will employ the Input and commitment to lower level management (Wheeled et al, 2004). The top management will be responsible for forming groups of teams that will provide accessory plans to the company such as financial planning, and forecast-based financial planning, V-Rutherford these teams can implement and evaluate issues. Lastly, these teams can continually work on different scenarios throughout the year and problem solve as needs arise, contrasted to the out-dated five year plan. The Wallace group needs to reformat their corporate sweater as well. The corporate strategy currently in place is one that is useless to the growth Of the company. In order to maintain a foothold in any of the three industries, electronics, plastics, and chemicals, The Wallace Group must begin by re- designating presidents and vise-presidents of the individual entities using a hierarchy strategy. Currently, Mr.. Wallace is president Of all three entities. If change is going to occur, Mr.. Wallace needs to bring in new Presidents for each of these companies. Mr.. Wallace can, if he so pleases, maintain Presidency of one of the three companies. However, for growth purposes he should allow new, young blood to take the position of President of the remaining two companies to move the companies forward. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wallace Group Case Study: Problems and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Wallace Group Case Study: Problems and Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Wallace Group Case Study: Problems and Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mr.. Wallace may maintain a title of Chairman, thereby not giving up any power or forfeiting any of his shares. Once new presidents are found, and they possess a forward thinking attitude, the company should begin to see growth. However, the problems do not end here. Another issue facing The Wallace Group is their need to evaluate current performance results. According to a letter to the shareholders, the dividends are less than the year prior, which were less than the year prior to that. It is uncertain what the dividends were this year, but the dividends were . 5 last year and . 25 two years ago, which means that the dividends are on a decline. The Wallace Group needs to begin generating more profits by, as previously stated, evaluating their performance results. Questions such as: What can we do to cut back costs? and how can we reorganize our corporate staff in all three entities? Will help the company begin forward growth? Lastly, another problem The Wallace Group needs to address is the strategic vision. Presently, there is a mood to lethargy and drift within The Wallace Group Wheeled et a, 2004), If The Wallace Group wishes to lift this tiredness from the company, it needs to develop a plan that helps employees feel accomplished and important. Top Management needs to project a feeling of passion onto the members of their groups. With management motivated and eager, the employees will become the same. Fifth Wallace Group is Willing to put these terms into action a turn around should begin. Mr.. Wallace will be quite pleased vivid the company growth and employee eagerness.